A Planner's Overview of Eco-Industrial Development
		Maile Deppe, Tom Leatherwood, Peter Lowitt, and Nick Warner
		Session: April 16, 2000 10:15-11:30 am	Author Info

ABSTRACT

Eco-industrial development is a promising economic development tool that is being used in communities throughout the United States. Communities suffering from severe economic distress to those with healthy economies have all started successful eco-industrial development activities. Eco-industrial development dovetails with other existing economic development approaches planners currently use, such as, brownfield redevelopment, new urbanism, SMART growth and industrial cluster development. This article provides an overview of eco-industrial development and includes three case studies in various stages of planning and development.

I. Sustainable Economic Development: The Case for Eco-Industrial Development

In spite of the economic prosperity of the 1990s, many urban and rural communities are still suffering from economic distress. It is crucial that planners and economic developers create new strategies that address the unique concerns of these places. The issues, such as brownfields, high unemployment, high crime, poor transportation systems, foreclosed farms and poor education systems, require tools geared to addressing economic development in the context of larger social issues.

There is growing interest in sustainable development (development that focuses on balancing environmental, community, and business interests) in the United States. These strategies offer the hope of a win-win approach to economic development. Of course, there are no easy answers, but there are approaches that hold promise. Up to this point sustainable development approaches have focused on housing (new urbanism) and growth management (smart growth). The programs address economic development on a nominal basis and have had a difficult time incorporating "jobs" other than retail and service jobs as part of their development strategies. Eco-industrial development is an emerging sustainable economic development strategy.

The purpose of this paper is to give planners an overview of this emerging economic development strategy, suggest why planners should know about this approach, and provide resources for further information.

The eco-industrial development concept is relatively new in the United States and as such is evolving in definition. The President's Council on Sustainable Development offers these generally accepted definitions of eco-industrial parks.
 

The overall concept is that eco-industrial park development integrates business, environmental excellence, and community connections to create economic opportunities and improved ecosystems. How eco-industrial development manifests itself in a community is the result of the local partnerships that form between government agencies, community members, businesses, and industrial developers. The goals are to foster practical connections between waste and resources and to promote a networked approach to doing business and interacting with communities.

As environmental regulations and community pressures increase, businesses will be increasingly interested in proactive strategies that address those concerns, including eco-industrial development. The benefits to communities and businesses for adopting eco-industrial development strategies are numerous, depending on the local conditions. Table 1 lists some of the potential benefits to communities, the environment, and businesses.

Eco-industrial development can take one of two forms - a co-located eco-industrial park or a virtual eco-industrial development. The most commonly recognized is the eco-industrial park. An eco-industrial park is a specific property that has co-located businesses that implement eco-industrial principles with one another. Virtual eco-industrial development does not involve co-locating companies. By linking materials flows and exploring other regional connections, this latter approach allows communities with large existing industrial bases to apply eco-industrial principles to create more sustainable business practices without having to relocate companies. A combination of both can also be effective. Table 2 provides a list of areas where eco-industrial connections can be facilitated for either type of eco-industrial development.

Source: Ed Cohen-Rosenthal and Thomas N. McGalliard. "Designing Eco-Industrial Parks: The United States Experience". United Nations Environment Programme, Industry and Environment, Vol. 19, No. 4, 1996 Quarterly.

In the United States. By 1999, half a dozen locations in the U.S. were in their final construction phase and had secured tenants including Cape Charles, VA; Minneapolis, MN; Burlington, VT; and Londonderry, NH. Many other areas have begun to plan and implement eco-industrial parks, including Dallas, TX; Albuquerque, NM; Detroit, MI; Los Angeles, CA; and Alameda, CA. Case studies of three eco-industrial development projects are provided in Section III of this paper.

An Effective Alternative Economic Development Strategy

Traditional economic development strategies focus on bringing new businesses to a community or expanding existing businesses. This is often done through tax credits, infrastructure upgrades, job training, small business loans and support and can go as far as providing capital for businesses. These traditional methods, however, have not been effective in addressing environmental and community concerns in distressed communities. These issues are of growing importance as evidenced in the growing interest in sustainable development

Alternative economic development strategies need to go beyond the goals of job creation and new investment in a community to address other issues such as environmental quality, community impacts and "good" job creation that accounts for wages and higher economic multiplier effects. Eco-industrial development is a practical approach in developing a sustainable economic development strategy. It can bring the various stakeholder groups together to identify common goals and discuss how they might be able to find common ground in areas that they differ. This approach requires up-front planning, but in the end it can create new partnerships in economic development activities within a community.

An eco-industrial development strategy can be incorporated into recent sustainable economic development tools used in communities. This next section briefly examines how eco-industrial development can be incorporated in brownfield development, new urbanism, SMART Growth, and an industrial cluster strategy.

Brownfield Development. Brownfields are often fraught with environmental and social concerns that hamper reuse of the sites. These sites often have associated social and legal issues that require using non-traditional methods to encourage productive redevelopment. Much of the energy up to this point has focused on brownfield remediation to upgrade the sites for the "market". Many brownfield sites, however, are located in neighborhoods that have community concerns about the former pollution and potential redevelopment plans.

Eco-industrial development is ideal for these conditions because it provides a forum for economic development planning that addresses the neighborhood and environmental concerns of the site. Eco-industrial development strategies have been used for brownfield sites in Cape Charles, VA; Minneapolis, MN; and Dallas, TX.

New Urbanism Development. New urbanism promises development that encourages the formation of "community" and environmental conservation through design. A stated goal is often to increase efficiency by creating work-live situations and providing transportation hubs to support various transit options instead of traditional commuting patterns. While new urbanist communities are springing up throughout the country, creating nearby employment has proven difficult.

Eco-industrial development offers an opportunity for planners to create economic development that complements the goals of new urbanism. A few new urbanism communities are beginning to look at eco-industrial development as a way to incorporate jobs that are compatible with residential and commercial uses. The New Mexico State Land Office is attempting to incorporate eco-industrial development strategies in their 13,000-acre Mesa del Sol plan (case study section provides an in-depth look at Mesa del Sol). While this is not an easy task many people are interested in the potential of creating mixed-use neighborhoods.

SMART Growth. SMART Growth has gained increasing support from a broad range of interests. The goal is to protect existing open space and focus development in urban areas. The SMART Growth initiative is based on the premise that all development should find a balance between community, business, and the environment. With these shared goals, eco-industrial development should be a significant part of the economic development strategies under a SMART Growth plan.

Industrial Clusters. Using industrial clusters as a focus for economic development has also received a lot of attention. The principles in developing eco-industrial development are compatible with industrial cluster development. Eco-industrial development strategies require identifying the strengths of the locality in order to identify the industries that might work best in that locality. The idea is to fill in the up- and downstream connections for an industry (i.e. suppliers, customers). The eco-industrial approach takes that economic development effort further by encouraging development of industries that seem unrelated, but which can actually exchange materials and by-products in their individual processes.

II. Why is it important for planners to know about EIP's?

Planners are change agents on the front lines within our communities. Eco-industrial parks are located at the intersection of environment and economic development. As John DeVillars, EPA Region I administrator states: "Seventy-one percent of Americans believe, if a choice must be made between environmental protection and economic development, that environmental protection should prevail." Eco-industrial development represent a positive outcome to the question of what type of economic development should be promoted by a community concerned with environmental protection. It is also an important market niche that a community can use to position itself as progressive and sustainable.

Some of the characteristics of eco-industrial development may impact the approach to site plan review. The most prominent feature of this impact is by-product exchanges. Imagine easements crossing property lines containing pipes delivering one firm's by-products (wastes) to another firm that can use these as inputs in their production process. Planners should position themselves as facilitators for this type of exchange. By asking questions during initial contacts with developers and companies seeking to locate in the community, planners can ascertain the potential for these resource exchanges and make the connections, which add value to the community. For example, an e-commerce grocery store seeking to build a 300,000 square foot distribution and food preparation facility is located just down the street from a corrugated paper distributor who receives one railroad car of recycled corrugated paper a day. The railroad cars return to the plant empty. By connecting these two companies, one company's waste disposal problem is addressed and the other company now has a filled railroad car with raw material.² This is the type of role that planners will be playing in the 21^st Century.

Planners and code enforcement officials need to educate themselves about green building design and design for the environment strategies, such as, nonporous pavement and the use of gray water for irrigation purposes. Planners need to learn more about these techniques and have a role in helping them penetrate the marketplace.

III. CASE STUDIES

The following case studies provide a brief overview of projects located in Massachusetts, New Mexico, and Vermont. The Massachusetts case presents the opportunity that military base reuse offers for eco-industrial development. New Mexico is a case of a large planned new urbanism community incorporating eco-industrial development into its plan. Lastly, Vermont provides a case of eco-industrial development used in an urban-agricultural setting.

A. The Industrial Ecology Project at Devens: Moving from Military Base to Eco-Industrial Park³

Devens Background. Located 35 miles west of Boston, Massachusetts, the Fort Devens Army Base covered 9,310 acres of land and straddled four rural towns. The Base was a major economic engine in the region, accounting, at its peak, for between 7,000 and 8,000 jobs. In 1993, the Base was slated for closure and a citizen-driven process for planning its reuse began. A citizens group met to discuss their vision for how the economic development needs of Devens could be met, while also preserving and enhancing the region's natural resources. They found their answer in sustainability and made sustainable redevelopment the major goal of the 1994 reuse plan. Elements of the plan called for the use of industrial ecology and the creation of an environmental business zone.

Developments Since 1994. Since 1994, Devens has attracted a great deal of economic growth. There have been some efforts to address the sustainability goal of the base reuse. Some companies are employing the principles of industrial ecology into their practices, using co-location (Gillette), intermodal transportation systems (Guilford Motor Express), materials exchanges (Ryerson), and an extensive recycling program (Comco Graphics). In addition, a 'sustainable' golf course is being built over previously developed lands, bringing nature back from the dead.

Industrial Ecology Project. In light of a legislatively mandated review, the base's regulatory agency, the Devens Enterprise Commission (DEC), is initiating the Industrial Ecology Project to make the base's original vision of sustainability a reality. The project brought together a steering committee of business community leaders, plant managers, and government officials to help coordinate and organize the base's companies. DEC staff are collectingdatato assess material, energy, and water flows from existing companies on the base and in the surrounding four towns. The data will be studied using the Environmental Protection Agency's DIET and FAST models. As data is examined, facility matches will be reported back to the companies and synergies will be encouraged.

Sustainability Indicators. As the 5-year review approaches, the Devens Enterprise Commission is developing criteria to measure how well the reuse is meeting the original goal of sustainable redevelopment. Sustainability indicators will be used to see how well Devens is performing as it moves along the road towards a cleaner, greener future.

Conclusion. The eco-industrial park appears to be the perfect tool for achieving the goal of sustainable redevelopment at Devens. Past efforts to incorporate industrial ecology into operations makes future efforts easier to promote. The five year review provides Devens with an opportunity to assess how well it is meeting the goal of sustainable redevelopment, and will further the efforts to promote an eco-industrial park at the base.

B. Riverside Eco-Park: An Urban-Agriculture Eco-Park (Burlington, Vermont)⁴

Riverside Eco-Park Background. The Riverside Eco-Park, located in Burlington's Intervale, is a partnership of the public, private, and non-profit sectors in Burlington and is the product of four years of planning. A principle for the facility is the use of bio-energy for the betterment of Burlington's economy and quality of life. The vision of the Riverside Eco-Park, a 10-acre parcel plus the McNeil Generating Plant in the Intervale section of Burlington, Vermont, is to be a model of environmentally sound and equitable economic development.

The Project. The Riverside Eco-Park will consist of a complex of greenhouses and buildings utilizing "waste" heat, a by-product from the McNeil Biomass Plant. It will include a range of sustainable and restorative uses related to organic agriculture, biotechnology, aquaculture, and 'living machine' technology (wastewater treatment process). The Intervale Foundation, Gardener's Supply (a garden supply store), and the City of Burlington have expended significant resources to clean up the area and restore the soils for organic agriculture activities. Hundreds of hours of volunteer time has been spent on the Intervale converting it from a liability, when it was used as an illegal dumping grounds, to a major community asset.

Community Involvement Process. The community's involvement in the Eco-Park concept first began as a discussion by an ad hoc group of citizens and City officials who recognized the potential of an Eco-Park as a model of sustainable development. Due to unresolved environmental issues with the McNeil Generating Plant, a broad based community involvement process was used to address issues with the plant and move forward in developing and evaluating the Eco-Park concept.

Guiding Principles. The Riverside Eco-Park is a key project in Burlington's effort to become the nation's most sustainable city. In order to achieve the full integration of economic development, environmental protection, and social equity, the Eco-Park has been guided by six public policies:

Encourage economic self-sufficiency through local ownership and maximum use of local resources.

Operating principles for the park specify 25% local ownership, and the use of local materials, services, and supplies whenever possible.
 

Equalize the benefits and burdens of growth.

By utilizing "waste" heat from McNeil, positive benefits will be extracted from a plant that has had a negative impact on the adjacent neighborhood.
 

Leverage and recycle scarce public funds.

The innovative concepts employed at the facility have already attracted significant funding from federal sources which will be directly invested in the expansion of the local economy.
 

Protect and preserve fragile environmental resources.

The agricultural focus of the Eco-Park will help strengthen and expand farming on the Intervale, the last remaining farmland in the City of Burlington.
 

Ensure full participation by populations normally excluded from the political and economic mainstream.

The governance of the Eco-Park will include representation from the Old North End: a low and moderate-income community adjacent to the McNeil Generating Plant and the Riverside Eco-Park.
 

Nurture a robust "third sector" of private, non-profit organizations capable of working in concert with government to deliver essential goods and services.

Critical to the long-term success of the Eco-Park are partnerships with the non-profit sector, already engaged in the planning process.

The Riverside Eco-Park is an example of how a community is using eco-industrial development to frame economic development strategies that address the environment and community issues.

C. Mesa del Sol: Eco-Park within a New Urbanism Community (Albuquerque, NM)⁵

Project Background. Mesa del Sol, the "flagship" real estate development project of Commissioner Ray Powell and the New Mexico State land Office, is a large scale mixed use master planned community that over the next half century will become home to almost 100,000 people and will create as many as 80,000 or more jobs. Mesa del Sol's 13,000 acres make it the largest parcel of undeveloped annexed land under single ownership and near a central business district (4 miles) in all North America. In response to this enormous opportunity for the city of Albuquerque and the region, the State Land Office has incorporated into the design of the community the principles of new urbanism, environmentally-responsible land use and resource planning, and sustainable economic development. A key component of this approach is eco-industrial development.

In recognition of its achievement, Ray Powell, New Mexico Commissioner of Public lands, was named New Mexico public official planner of the year; the Mesa del Sol master plan was named New Mexico's best comprehensive plan of the year; and Tom Leatherwood, principal planner for the State Land Office, was named professional planner of the year.

The "Level A" conceptual master plan was approved by the Planning Commission last year and awaits consideration by the City Council. Following approval, a master developer partner will be selected and the full-blown 'Level B" plan will be developed and submitted to the City. The master developer will be responsible not only for a land use plan but also a strategic plan for economic development.

Mesa del Sol's potential for job creation as a center for the region is enormous. It is ideally located near Albuquerque's International Airport (Sunport) and most of the city's major employment centers, including Sandia National Laboratory (SNL). With thousands of acres of new affordably priced land for business and industry and with a comprehensive strategy for sustainable economic development, Mesa del Sol promises to become the economic engine for the region. Technology transfer is recognized in New Mexico as an enormous opportunity, based upon the intellectual capacity of the national laboratories. The proposed Sandia Technology Park (STP) -- a partnership with national corporations and the local community, including the State Land Office ? will provide manufacturing spin-offs to Mesa del Sol from the research efforts of STP. But the larger vision is one that incorporates industrial ecology, sustainable building practices and site design, and renewable energy products and technologies into a strategic economic development plan for Mesa del Sol.

Commissioner Powell has always promised that Mesa del Sol will emphasize jobs first. We have already established at Mesa del Sol the region's largest recreation and entertainment complex, with a new outdoor amphitheater to open this Spring. The first economic development effort is an eco-industrial park that is taking shape on 200 acres at Mesa del Sol's western edge, adjacent to a major interstate highway.

The principles of eco-industrial development were introduced to the State Land Office in 1998 by Ed Cohen-Rosenthal and Maille Deppe of the Eco-Industrial Development Project (EIDP) at Cornell University. Two years ago EIDP sponsored a workshop in Albuquerque (with assistance from Cornell graduate students) that encouraged scores of local participants to create a sustainable development strategy for Mesa del Sol and the region, with primary focus on eco-industrial development. Subsequently EIDP and colleagues at the Renewable Energy Policy Project (REPP), Mark Smith at Pario Research and others explored ways to make Mesa del Sol "the renewable and sustainable energy mesa." The enormous scale of the project itself provides an opportunity to for an integrated design and build-out that showcases renewable energy products and sustainable approaches to building and site design. The corporations and other businesses that would establish research and manufacturing operations on the Mesa could also provide products, services and technologies for the lion's share of renewable energy production in the western United States -- and take advantage of a growing international market. We were pushed to think big; the principles of eco-industrial development, in the context of what Hawken and Lovins call "natural capitalism", can make Mesa del Sol a testing ground and model for the new millennium.

Eco-Park at Mesa del Sol. The anchor tenant for an eco-industrial park at Mesa del Sol came almost a year ago now when a local paper products manufacturer for the food industry (paper bags, napkins, food wrappers, etc.) inquired about a site at Mesa del Sol for a proposed paper mill. The local firm, Rose's Southwest Paper Company, felt insecure because the supplier of paper rolls from which their products were made was also a competitor that converted paper rolls into products for the food industry. Rose's wanted their own paper mill, and they wanted it near their existing facility, which is adjacent to an old Albuquerque neighborhood. We all liked the idea of using recycled office paper as the raw material, and we hope that this high demand would promote better recycling habits in government and private offices (current supply in NM would provide less than _ of the projected need and most of the recycled paper would need to be imported from other states - and as far away as California).

The 200-acre eco-industrial site at Mesa del Sol had already been identified for an intermodal rail-truck center, opening up opportunities for trucking, warehousing and related use of the site that would enhance opportunities for the eco-park. Recycled paper coming in by rail and leaving by truck was only one example of how this intermodal center might provide synergies and promote opportunities.

But we saw problems right away. Most important, 600,000 gallons consumptive use of water daily, within a high desert region, was unacceptable; and this could certainly not be potable water. We conducted an analysis and came up with promising opportunities. Rose's is projecting 100 tons daily of waste that represents a disposal cost of $750,000 annually, not to mention transportation costs to landfill and the shortened life expectancy of the landfill because of such practices. We talked with a friend in the City's Public Works Department and with our own consultant, Bill Wilson Environmental Engineering, and determined that the waste had high organic content, and that in combination with high quality municipal solid waste (primarily corrugated paper), also destined for the landfill, we could feed a methane reactor that could produce some 4 megawatts of electricity - enough for all the needs of the paper mill at full production. We got an EPA grant to test our idea. We are now exploring use of additional supplies of methane (a low Btu "sour gas") from the nearby closed landfill. EPA no longer allows dissipation of this gas into the atmosphere, so we plan to put it to productive use by capturing it and building a pipeline to the nearby industrial park. The City has already demonstrated this approach by using a micro-turbine from Honeywell/Allied Signal's local plant to burn landfill gas to provide night lighting for the city's famous Balloon Fiesta.

Back to the papermaking process. The residual "cake" after water is separated out of the recycled paper still has some organic content, and could be used as a soil additive to make Mesa del Sol's sandy soils more water retentive. The cake can also be used to make natural building blocks or for rammed earth buildings. Any organic water that might remain from the process can be taken to nearby athletic fields for irrigation, or if insufficient quantities exit, to landscape areas within and around the industrial park. Our plan is to conserve resources and used them wisely, and to create business opportunities for a community development corporation, following the example in Burlington Vermont.

Still, the high consumptive use of water is unacceptable. Approximately 40% of the water remains in the final paper product, so there is no hope for water savings there. So, we focused on the "de-inking" process that separates out the ink and other undesirable content from the recycled paper. Current technology makes possible some 7 cycles of water use before it is, typically, returned by pipeline to the City's wastewater treatment facility (dilution is the best solution to pollution). This was another technical problem and cost to Rose's that we were determined to address. Our consultant demonstrated that a new patented technology (a so-called "ion collider") could dramatically reduce the amount of water and energy used in the de-inking process, and by removing suspended solids help us toward a virtual closed system for the continuous re-use of the water. Tests are now underway to demonstrate the maximum potential of this process. We believe that we may be able not only to solve Rose's problem, but also to revolutionize the papermaking industry.

The final issue: where does the water for the industrial process come from anyway? High quality reclaimed tertiary water from the wastewater treatment plant is the answer. The city's water resources strategy is encouraging the use and reuse of water over and over and over again. Rose's is still wrestling with the possible perception by the public that paper products made from recycled effluent water will present health problems. In fact, this reclaimed water is of a higher quality than the river water used by most paper mills. To address the perception problem we are exploring cost-effective ways to bring reclaimed water to EPA potable standards. If we can do that, we can reclaim water not just for industrial use but also for drinking. Dan Williams, my friend from Jones and Jones in Seattle (we are on a panel later in the day on regional water planning) opens his presentations on water policy by saying: "I have good news: we are all gonna' be drinking our own sewage. The bad news is there will not be enough of it."

IV. Recommendations

Eco-industrial development holds much promise for the United States. Eco-industrial development offers one approach to addressing economic development while addressing social and environmental concerns.

Based on our experience with eco-industrial development here is a list of recommendations for planners in furthering eco-industrial development in their communities.

• Communities across the country should be advocating for eco-industrial parks as part of the power plant siting process.
• Eco-industrial development approaches should be considered for brownfield redevelopment projects.
• Eco-industrial development strategies should be considered as the job creation component in new urbanism projects.
• Economic development principles should be reviewed and evaluated to include policies that include eco-industrial development approaches.

Attachments

A. Frequently Asked Questions

Is it necessary to pre-engineer and design everything up front?

For many, the concept of eco-industrial development means the sharing of by-products, such as, gray water and steam. By arranging pipe connections for steam and water, and shipments for gypsum and other materials, Kalundborg (Denmark) has realized significant economic and environmental benefits. Eco-industrial development, however, can also be virtual, encompassing almost any scale connected by their business or material fit as shown in Table 2.

If the tenants of an eco-industrial park are known, then designing in the type of infrastructure that allows this type of exchange is beneficial. The case more often than not is that the exact tenant mix is unknown. Infrastructure does not need to be built in before the buildout of an industrial park. It is, however, beneficial if flexibility is built into the design that allows for these types of infrastructure improvements at some point in the future should they become desirable.

Does eco-industrial development cost more than traditional development?

Depending on the type management that the industrial park has will determine whether up-front costs will be acceptable and "pay back" in the long term. Many industrial parks developers are also industrial park managers. In these cases, the ability to keep the vacancy rates and the maintenance costs low becomes a bigger concern than the upfront capital investment costs. For those developments that are "one shot deals" where the property will be sold to the users or to a management company, it may be harder to convince the builders that the up-front costs will have a high enough return. Developers are still figuring out where the cut-off is between designing for the environment and designing for profitability. Developers are primarily concerned with their tenant needs, if tenants demand "greener" buildings they will build them.

What kinds of industries belong in an eco-industrial park?

Eco-parks are often seen as a variation of a high-tech industrial park or as a zone for recycling businesses. In fact, all kinds of businesses are open to recruitment based on their market and materials requirements. Reliance on environmental technologies alone would be too limited a market for eco-industrial development. A goal of concentrating resource warehouse and distribution centers may be just a fancy term for a series of junkyards. New environmental technology startups may wish to join such a park for the shared services and market advantage but rarely because of material exchanges.

Can eco-industrial strategies be applied to rural settings?

Eco-industrial development strategies have been applied to both rural and urban settings successfully. Burlington, VT has developed its Riverside Eco-Park around an urban agricultural theme. They are using the waste heat to operate green houses and aquaculture. They have also created a large composting project for the community and commercial farms in the Intervale (area adjacent to the downtown). Mississippi is considering value-added agricultural products as a part of their Red Hills Ecoplex.

We already have an industrial base; does this only apply to new development?

Eco-industrial development is an economic development strategy. It can be applied to an existing industrial area or it can be applied to new development. The focus is that economic development goes hand in hand with community development and environmental protection and restoration. Devens reuse site is an example of where industrial activity already existed and eco-industrial development strategies are now being applied to further the economic development of the site and to create a sustainable economic base for the community.

B. Additional Resources for Eco-Industrial Development

Web Resources

Center of Excellence for Sustainable Development. Part of the US Department of Energy, the center helps communities design and implement innovative strategies that enhance the local economy as well as the local environment and quality of life. They provide services to cities, villages, towns and neighborhoods, as well as national parks, industrial parks and other "communities of interest." (http://www.sustainable.doe.gov/)

The SMART Growth Network guide to financial resources for Eco-Industrial Parks. (http://www.smartgrowth.org/library/eipfinguide,htmll)

Proceedings of the President's Council on Sustainable Development Eco-Industrial Park Workshop (February 17-18, 1996). Includes profiles of eco-industrial park projects, critical issues, and resources. (http://www.whitehouse.gov/PCSD/Publications/Eco_Workshop,htmll#ack)

Work and Environment Initiative. Cornell University's Work and Environment Initiative focuses on eco-industrial development throughout the U.S. and the world. WEI examines, supports, and helps to create eco-industrial development. Its website can be found at (http://www.cfe.cornell.edu/WEI/)

Readings

Cohen-Rosenthal, Edward and Thomas N. McGalliard. "Eco-Industrial Development: The Case of the United States". IPTS Report. Report 27. A copy can be found at (http://www.cfe.cornell.edu/WEI/EIDP/eid,htmll)

1. The Kalundborg, Denmark example was taken from the article Eco-Industrial Development: The Case of the United States, by Edward Cohen-Rosenthal and Thomas N. McGalliard, Cornell University, 1996.

2. This example is from Peter Lowitt, Project Manager of the Eco-industrial Park at Fort Devens Military Base.

3. Peter C. Lowitt, AICP and Justin B. Hollander wrote the case study for Fort Devens Army Base Eco-industrial Park.

4. Nick Warner, Project Manager of Riverside Eco-Park, Burlington, VT prepared the case study for the Riverside Eco-Park.

5. Tom Leatherwood, Project Manager for Mesa del Sol, New Mexico State Land Office prepared the case study for Mesa del Sol.

Author and Copyright Information

Copyright 2000 By Authors

Peter Lowitt is Project Manager at Fort Devens Military Base (MA).
Maile Deppe is the Research Director at Cornell University's Work and Environment Initiative (Ithaca, NY).
Tom Leatherwood is the Principle Planner at the New Mexico State Land Office for Mesa del Sol (Albuquerque, NM).
Nick Warner is the Project Manager for the City of Burlington's Riverside Eco-Park (Burlington, VT).